戒律與佛教倫理

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Title:	戒律與佛教倫理
Other Titles:	Śīla/Vinaya and Buddhist Ethics
Authors:	姚富全 Yao, Fu-Chuan
Contributors:	中國文化大學哲學系
Keywords:	戒律;慈悲;佛教倫理(學) śīla/vinaya;compassion(karuņā);and Buddhist ethics
Date:	2012-07-01
Issue Date:	2013-12-24 16:25:20 (UTC+8)
Publisher:	南華大學哲學與生命教育學系
Abstract:	本文最主要的目的是探討戒律與佛教倫理的關係並進而帶出戒律、慈悲與佛教倫理的關係。一般而言，東西方大多數的佛教學者(如王月清、方立天、圓持、董群、李明芳、Keown)在談論佛教倫理時皆會觸及戒律，然而戒律是否能充分足夠展現佛教倫理?換言之，戒律是比較沒爭議性地為佛教倫理的必要條件，但其是否為充分條件?這是沒有人注意到的問題。如戒律為佛教倫理的充分必要條件(即戒律等同佛教倫理)，則「戒律是佛教倫理的一切或根本精神或重心」這樣較弱的陳述是可成立的。然而其是否恰當?這是本文所想要探討的兩個相關議題之一。本文並不支持此一論點而認為造成此一誤解的最主要原因之一在於我們對何謂佛教倫理並沒有一完整而清楚的共識和理解。我們可從兩個相關議題來探討本文的主旨。一、討論「戒律是佛教倫理的一切或根本精神或重心」之說是否恰當。二、是與第一相關而且從未被注意的一個更深層問題：如第一之質疑答案為否定，那我們勢必得探索一個不僅能貫穿統攝戒律而且能展現佛教倫理核心的道德觀點。相信藉由對這兩個議題之說明、討論與分析，是可回應傅偉勳認為大乘佛教倫理要有所創新性的呼籲，同時對目前在佛教界尚無共識且無系統性的佛教倫理(學)之發展而言是有其啟發性的意義。所以希望藉此文能激發大家共同的關注和討論並為佛教倫理的現代化而努力。筆者提出三個理由來否定第一個議題。不過，即使我們駁斥了「戒律是佛教倫理的一切或根本精神或重心」的陳述，但我們並不否定戒律對佛教倫理的「重要性」，因其還是扮演著佛教倫理外在行為規範的重要角色(這兩種主張是否有衝突，文中會說明)。針對第二個議題，小乘(或南傳)佛教似乎是比較無能為力，因其是比較關注自己的解脫而「為己而戒律」、「為解脫而戒律」或是「為戒律而戒律」，所以個人提出五個理由來支持大乘所強調的「慈悲」就是統合戒律的內在核心道德力量，因其是「為慈悲而戒律」。並依此結果而提出五個優點。 The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the relation betweenśīla/vinaya and Buddhist ethics, and correlatively to see the relation between compassion (karuņā) and Buddhist ethics. Some say that śīla/vinaya is the only essence, foundation, or spirit of Buddhist ethics. We reject this claim and suggest that the primary reason for this mistaken proposition is in that we do not have a clear and holistic understanding of Buddhist ethics. We analyze our topic based on two questions. (1) whether śīla/vinaya is the only essence, foundation, or spirit of Buddhist ethics. (2) Following from (1) and a deeper issue seldom been recognized: if the answer to question (1) is no, we have to have a moral motivation behind śīla/vinaya and also the moral force can represent the essence, foundation, or spirit of Buddhist ethics. We believe that this paper can respond to Fu’s concern about the modern development of Buddhist ethics through analyzing these two questions. At the same time we hope to inspire the understanding of why there is no common and systematic theory for Buddhist ethics and furthermore to inspire Buddhists to develop modernized Buddhist ethics. We proffer three reasons to reject question (1). However, even if we deny question (1), it does not follow that śīla/vinaya does not play an important role in Buddhist ethics. As the solution to the question (2), the Hīnāyana Buddhism seems to be futile since it emphasizes on individual nirvana only and one obeys śīla/vinaya for the sake of oneself, nirvana, or especially śīla/vinaya. Therefore, we have to turn to Mahāyāna Buddhism. We offer five reasons to justify Mahāyāna compassion is the moral motivation behind śīla/vinaya because one obeys śīla/vinaya for the sake of compassion. Finally, we explain five merits resulting from this justification.
Relation:	揭諦 23期
Appears in Collections:	[The Journals of Nanhua University ] Aletheia [Department of Life-and-Death Studies] Aletheia

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