| 摘要: | 豆丁海馬(Hippocampus bargibanti），由於具外型可愛、族群稀少以及隱密不易看見等特質，在過去幾年曾是南台灣墾丁潛水界之明星物種，亦是墾丁國家公園管理處引以為傲而大力行銷曝光之物種。然不過幾年之光景，卻已發生豆丁海馬由於密集遊憩水肺潛水所致之壓力而於其棲地銷聲匿跡，甚或發生被盜之憾事。本研究採質性研究之方式，以豆丁海馬為個案探究的對象，利用文獻分析及深度訪談等方式，比較國內、外在此等海洋觀光資源之研究現況及經營管理作為，以突顯海洋資源與觀光活動間所呈現之關係以及觀光資源利用之盲點。研究結果顯示，墾丁豆丁海馬與觀光活動間所存之主要關係傾向於彼此衝突而非互利共生。主要的原因有三，一是豆丁海馬在國內具「非保育類」之分類表象致過度被曝光行銷。事實上此等物種在IUCN保育級別是列為資料不足(data deficient, DD)，其意涵是表示仍需進一步的資訊及研究始可判定其絕種危險之分類群；然國內在保育以及非保育二分法之原則下，因未將此物種列入保育類之清單中，極易因字義上之混淆而被視為非保育類物種。換言之現行之非保育類分類僅為表象之呈現而未必為其本質，故現行主管單位看待此等物種之方式或有可能導致不可逆之生態災難。其二，水肺潛水活動具外部性，現行之經營管理難以反應被扭曲之市場；此外水肺潛水所在之場域屬開放可自由進入（open access）之系統，因此資源之使用除了難具效率性外，更易加速資源之退化。其三，墾丁之水肺潛水活動所衍生之經濟利得沒有機制進入與生態保育互動之循環。此外，水肺潛水活動對豆丁海馬之衝擊主要來自觀賞時之輔助光源以及拍照時之閃光燈照射；最後本研究亦提出實務操作上之管理作為以為相關單位之參考。
Pygmy seahorse (Hippocampus bargibanti), one of the most popular species for divers in southern Taiwan, was the major attraction promoted and marketed by Kenting national park because of its appearance, rarity, and hidden life style. However, after only a few years pygmy seahorses nearly disappeared, owing to intensive recreational diving in their habitat, or they were illegally stolen by SCUBA divers. This study aims to investigate the interaction among marine resources and recreational activities; the mistaken view concerning marine resources was discussed as well. The results indicated that the relationship between pygmy seahorses in Kenting and marine recreational activities were prone to conflict instead of mutual symbiosis. Three reasons were found, first, pygmy seahorses were overly promoted by the operation units in Kenting due to vague categorization. Pygmy seahorses were listed as data deficient (DD) in IUCN, but were excluded from protected species in Taiwan; however, the category of DD means it needs further information to determine the categorization. The way the operation unit promotes may cause more serious and unrecoverable damage in the ecosystem. Secondly, SCUBA diving is an open-access activity for all tourists. It has the property of externality and distorts the market mechanism; this phenomenon may further endanger the recreational resources, such as pygmy seahorse, due to intensive harassment or inappropriate behavior by tourists. Third, the lack of mechanism in the cycle of conservation results in that the revenues created by recreational diving are not contributed to the ecosystem. In addition, the research finds that the mainly impacts on viewing/photographing pygmy seahorse through scuba diving were extra auxiliary light source and intensive camera flash that disturbed target species, it was differed from other marine life tourism that the damage focus on habitat; Finally this study also proposed management regimes as reference guidelines for relative agencies in practice. |
