| 摘要: | 「布施」（dāna）是佛教重要的修行法門之一，也是世間所注重之道德倫理，本論文研究目的即在於釐清與詮釋初期佛教之布施思想。修習布施能為世間帶來諸多利樂，更能引導有情獲得今生與來世的安樂。布施的思想從佛陀時代至今雖依然流行，但其型態及實踐方式已大相逕庭。本文欲藉著初期佛教文獻的探討來呈現佛陀對布施主題最初的教導。 本文以「四尼柯耶」與「阿含經」做為主要之研究文獻，研究方法以文獻學及義理分析為主，並以初期佛教的角度做為研究方向，進而層層分析，深入探討初期佛教之「布施」相關的種種概念以及其實踐方式。 本文共分為六章。第一章「緒論」，主要說明本論文之研究動機、問題意識、研究目的、研究方法、研究範圍、研究資料、歷來研究成果與論文結構。第二章「布施思想在印度的起源與開展」，主要藉著回顧古印度布施概念，做為凸顯佛教布施思想特色之準備。第三章「初期佛教布施思想之辨析」，對於布施各主要內容分別說明，並辦別通俗的布施以及佛教布施法門。第四章「完善的布施」，即深入探討初期佛教文獻中布施法門之修習及其利益價值。第五章「布施思想的改寫及其在佛法修道上的地位」，其一，說明世尊對婆羅門及外道沙門錯誤的布施概念之導正與批判；其二，闡明布施法門在佛教眾多眾善法門之地位。第六章「結論」，對對本文之研究成果予以總結。 申言之，布施即為一項利他的行門，更是一門能自我增進的修行道。如是以世間道為基礎，漸次修學，日後必能從無明與貪愛中出離，永斷輪迴之苦。
The practice of giving (Dāna) is the most basic and important in the teaching of the Buddha. It is also universally recognized as one of the human ethics.The objective of this study is to define and interpret the concept of Dāna in Early Buddhism. Through practicing Dāna would getting happiness of sharing, the value of Dāna would encouraging oneself towards helping and the attainment of happiness in the Saṃsāra. Though, the concept of Dāna is prevailing from the Buddha, but its format and way of practice varies in different schools. This paper discusses the concept of Dāna from the EarlyBuddhist texts and explains its importance. Regarding the text, this paper basically focus on four Nikāyas and Chinese Āgama. Two methodologies are used in this paper, philology and analysis of meaning. The discussions begin from the perspective of Early Buddhist research method, and gradually penetrate into the concept of Dāna in Early Buddhism and their practice in practical life. This paper is divided into six chapters, the first is introduction, discusses research motives, problems, objectives, methodology, scope of research, texts and conclusions. The title of second chapter is ‘The Origin and Development of the Concept of Dāna in India’, which discusses the idea of Dāna in ancient Indian Buddhist tradition. The main objective of this chapter is to focus on distinguished features of Dāna in ancient Indian Buddhist tradition. Third chapter is ‘The Discrimination of Dāna in Early Buddhism’. This chapter discuses the various kinds of Dāna and distinguishes them in different sects of Buddhism. The fourth chapter is ‘The Perfect Dāna’, which discusses the meaning and value of Dāna in the texts. The fifth chapter is ‘The Adapt of Dāna and its position in Buddhist Practice of Morality’. The main discussion in this chapter is the Buddhist critics of the idea of Dāna practiced by Brahmans and wanderers. The second discussion in this chapter clarify the position of Dāna on the Buddhist path. The sixth chapter is the Conclusions of this research work. As whole, Dāna is one of the practice of benefiting others. More, it is a way through which one can improve one’s practice. The foundation of this practice is the practical world, where through gradual practice one overcome oneself from ignorance and attachment and eliminates sufferings. |
