涂爾幹對西方古典教育的歷史反思－對《教育思想的演進》一書的研究

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Title:	涂爾幹對西方古典教育的歷史反思－對《教育思想的演進》一書的研究
Other Titles:	Emile Durkneim: An introspection and Analysis of Western Classic Education History
Authors:	蕭志坤 Hsiao, Chih-kun
Contributors:	教育社會學研究所鄒川雄 Chuan-hsiung Tsou
Keywords:	通識教育;藝學院;巴黎大學;四藝;三科;組織與制度面向;課程面向;歷史面向;古典教育 Quadrivium;Paris University;The Arts Faculty;Historical Aspect;Trivium;Organization and System Aspect;Curriculum Aspect;Classic Education;General Education
Date:	2008
Issue Date:	2015-03-25 14:34:54 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	本文透過對《教育思想的演進》一書的研究呈現涂爾幹眼中西方古典教育的思想精髓，主要是以歷史面向、課程面向及組織與制度面向加以呈現，並且藉由涂爾幹的論述讓我們能從中領會關於教育思想的反思。　　　西方古典教育的重要意涵在於它為西方教育的發展提供了一個良好的起點與架構，而涂爾幹透過《教育思想的演進》一書對長達十幾個世紀的西方教育體制的變化進行考察，雖然名為對法國中等教育演進的探討，但是在實質面上的討論卻涵蓋了初等教育、中等教育與高等教育。也就是說涂爾幹《教育思想的演進》一書是以整體性的探討方式，呈現西方古典教育承先啟後的關聯性，使人對於西方古典教育發展的來龍去脈更能精準的加以掌握。　　　西方古典教育的課程主要是指七藝，此課程在當時的社會環境下縱橫了數百年之久，因此涂爾幹讓我們瞭解掌握七藝便是探討古典教育的關鍵。七藝被分成三科與四藝，三科所指的是文法、修辭和辯證法；另外，四藝是指幾何、算術、天文與音樂，三科是西方古典教育的基礎科目，四藝則是西方古典教育的實科教育。　　　對於西方古典教育、甚至是整個西方教育而言，最重要的組織莫過於巴黎大學，屬於巴黎大學一個很大的特色在於它的形成並非僅是依靠個人的單一力量就可以達成的，涂爾幹指出巴黎大學這種水到渠成的形成歷程，本身所凝聚的團體力量及象徵就是它奠定西方教育制度的表徵。巴黎大學的核心在藝學院，雖然藝學院的教學屬於基礎教育，但是因為它所教授的辯證法在當時是最被重視的學問，可以說是學問之王，所以藝學院才被涂爾幹評論為巴黎大學的核心。　　　最後，透過涂爾幹對西方古典教育的反思與批判，呈現涂爾幹教育思想中多元文化的觀點，以便獲得對教育改革的啟示。另外，本文以涂爾幹的教育思想來探討台灣的通識教育，也就是說透過對台灣通識教育的建議呈現本文應用在實務上的演練。　　This study aims to explore the essence of the subject book, The Evolution of Educational Thought written by Durkheim. In this study, the propositions of Durkheim’s view on Western Classic Education in this book were discussed in three aspects, history, curriculum, organization and system of education. The introspection on education issues was resulted in this study. 　　　The crucial significance of Western Classic Education is to provide the starting point and structure of western education development. Durkheim investigated the western education system, which had been developed over decades of century and issues his study in The Evolution of Educational Thought. In spite of exploring French secondary education, Durkheim’s study included primary education, secondary education and tertiary education essentially. Durkheim explored Western Classic Education entirely and presented the connection and inheritance of different generations’ education in The Evolution of Educational Thought. Readers are able to understand the development of Western Classic Education precisely and utilize its spirits.　　　The curriculum of Western Classic Education included seven arts, which had been utilized in ancient society for numerous years. Durkheim inspired us to understand the seven arts are the key of Western Classic Education. The seven arts were divided into three Triviums and four Quadriviums. The three Triviums included Grammar, Rhetoric and Dialectics, which were the elementary subjects. The four Quadriviums included Geometry, Arithmetic, Astronomy and Music, which were the practical education (Realschulen). 　　　As to the Western Classic Education and the entire western education, the most important organization is Paris University. Durkheim advocated the development of the Paris University was not based on the individual. It was constructed by team’s work and represented the symbol of western education system. Durkheim proposed the center of the Paris University was the arts faculty. Even though it belonged to the elementary education, the Dialectics was the master of knowledge and was emphasized in the arts faculty. 　　　Eventually, Durkheim’s introspection and criticism of Western Classic Education presents Durkheim’s multiple cultural viewpoints of education and inspires us how to improve our education. This study utilized Durkheim’s education ideas to explore Taiwan present general education and then proposed the practical suggestions for Taiwan general education.
Appears in Collections:	[Department of Applied Sociology, The M.A. Program of Sociology] Disserations and Theses(M.A. Program in Sociology of Education)

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