臺灣中部二次葬文化之研究－以彰化地區為例

南華大學機構典藏系統 > 人文學院 > 生死學系(生死學系碩士班,哲學與生命教育碩士班) > 博碩士論文-生死學系碩士班 > Item 987654321/22276

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题名:	臺灣中部二次葬文化之研究－以彰化地區為例
其它题名:	The research of the second-time burial culture in the middle of Taiwan-based in Changhua area
作者:	施福營 Shih, Fu-ying
貢獻者:	生死學研究所徐福全 Fu-chuan Hsu
关键词:	撿骨師;撿骨;二次葬;地理師;主家人 second-funeral;bone-collecting;bone-collector;grave-teller;family members
日期:	2006
上传时间:	2015-08-04 09:55:34 (UTC+8)
摘要:	本研究的目的，旨在探討臺灣中部二次葬文化之內涵與現狀，以彰化地區為例。首先探討二次葬文化的歷史淵源、再探討彰化縣民眾對二次葬的認知態度與需求情形、彰化縣鄉鎮市公所墓政單位業務運作的現狀、以及彰化縣二次葬施行的現狀，最後針對二次葬文化提出結論與建議。　　　本研究採取的研究方法為文獻探討、量化取向的問卷調查及質性取向的田野調查；研究對象為彰化縣曾替祖先撿骨的民眾、墓政業務承辦人及二次葬的相關業者，包括：撿骨師、地理師及扑石人員等。本研究之結果歸納如下：　　　壹、由兒子負責統籌整個二次葬的各項事宜；撿骨時撐黑雨傘以女兒優先；進金時邀請女兒回到故鄉，為祖先進行「鞏金腳」的禮俗。　　　貳、撿骨的原因以示範公墓埋葬年限屆滿到期、保存祖骨及表達慎終追遠的孝道精神為主要原因；祖先骨骸最終的安置場所，以選擇公立納骨塔者居多。　　　參、進行二次葬的旺季為清明節前後，淡季為農曆七月；擇日由地理師負責；祭物的準備經由親戚長輩教授而來的居多。　　　肆、彰化縣的撿骨業者，採行家族傳承經營的模式居多；對於常見的蔭屍現象，已由恐懼的心理轉化為抱持平常心看待之。　　　伍、骨骸經過清理、曝曬、整治，再裝入金斗甕；彰化縣撿骨師的手法為先牽手請亡者起身，然後骨骸由腳往上撿至頭部、骨骸有點紅、頭骨用絲綿包裹、用硃砂及墨汁畫臉部五官及採用屈膝坐姿的方式，將骨骸裝入金斗甕內；使用木炭具有固定骨骸、防潮及代替缺損骨骸的功用。　　　陸、墓碑及金斗甕的字數刻法，以採行生老病死苦五字一循環者居多；金斗甕暫時安置的寄金場所為納骨塔內及撿骨師個人工作室內。　　　柒、預估撿骨的未來市場尚有20年，到民國114年時，撿骨行業將逐漸走入歷史。　　　捌、進金儀式由地理師主持，藉著摸金斗甕和甕身的動作，向祖先做最後的告別，以表達孝心及祈求好運旺旺來。　　　玖、民眾在完成二次葬後，內心感到功德圓滿、心情踏實；依鄉鎮風俗之不同，整個儀式結束後，有部分主家人是回家告祭公媽或辦理家族聚餐。　　　最後根據結論，針對政府墓政單位、民眾、二次葬從業人員及後續研究者，提出一些建議，以做為改進之參考。　　The research aims to discuss the current situation and the implication in the second-funeral culture in the middle Taiwan. This empirical study focuses on the cases in Chang Hua area. The history of second-funeral in the area will be firstly discussed. Afterwards, the Chang Hua citizen’s recognitions and demands on the second-funeral, the present funeral business situation and the current management system of funeral affairs in local governments are studied respectively. Last but not least, the　conclusion and suggestions of the second-funeral culture are provided.　　　In addition to review the relative literatures, this research has adopted a quantitative survey and a qualitative interviewing. The researcher has interviewed the Chang Hua citizen attending the second-funeral, the funeral affairs officers and the second-funeral related business including bone-collectors, grave-tellers (who analyze the geomantic omens of ancestral graves) and tomb workers. The findings of this research are as following.　　　1.According to the custom, it is usually son's responsibility to organize all affairs in the second-funeral; however, a daughter may be prior to hold a black umbrella during bone-collecting. The daughter will also be invited to attend the ceremony of tomb establishment, that is, to bury the skeleton into an urn.　　　2.The bone-collecting custom may be due to the fact that a cemetery contract is expired, the descendant tends to preserve the skeleton and to extend their filial　spirit. The public cinerary tombs are the most well-liked place to bury the bone skeletons.　　　3.The hot season for the second-funeral is after and before the Tomb Sweeping Day; on the other hand, the cold season for the one is the July (according to the Chinese Lunar Calendar).The date of the second-funeral is chosen by grave-tellers and the preparations of the funeral may be lectured by the elder family members.　　　4.Most bone-collecting companies in Chang Hua County are family business. When facing incorrupt bodies, the fears of the bodies are abandoned.　　　5.The skeleton will be placed into an urn after some preparations such as cleaning and solarization.　　The bone-collectors in Chang Hua County prefer to collect the feet skeleton firstly and then to pick the upper part of the skeleton. The bone-collectors will wrap the skull with silk wadding and will draw facial features on the skull with cinnabars and inks.Afterwards, the skeleton will be buried into an urn with a sitting posture. Charcoal is moisture-proof and may be used to support the skeleton and to replace the lost parts of skeleton.　　　6.Five Chinese words may be sculptured upon a tombstone and an urn, that are, “生” (birth), “老”(aging), “病”(ill), “死” (dead) and “苦” (bitterness). The urn is temporally placed in a cinerary tomb and bone-collectors' working room.　　　7.It is estimated that the market of the bone-collecting can flourish for 20 years. By the year of 2025, the bone-collecting may be fading away. 　　　8.The second-funeral is host by a grave-teller. By touching the urn, the descendants extend their filial and pray for good fortune. 　　　9.After the second-funeral, the descendants are in a cheerful frame of mind. Depends on the different local customs, some family members may have a ceremony in honor of their ancestors or may organize a family gathering.　　　At the end of the essay, the researcher provides some suggestions to the government funeral affairs department, the public, the second-funeral industry and future researchers.
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