| 摘要: | 佛陀曾親自讚揚質多長者及手長者是在家弟子眾中之表率。二位長者必有我們可以學習之處，因此，筆者從經、律、《巴利佛教專有名詞辭典》及相關的資料入手，對於兩者的出身、種姓、修行法門、行為典範、與僧團互動的關係、所得的果位…等進行探究。以期勾勒出質多長者及手長者的德行事跡全貌，希冀能讓後學者對佛世時代這兩位在家弟子更深入完整的了解。經研究的結果如下：一、佛世時代僧人與在家信眾存在著微妙的互動關係，透由托克爾·布雷克(Torkel Brekke)的「外在動機」(extrinsic motivation)、「皈依主義」(conversionism)和「內省主義」(introversionism)，這三個概念觀察更能了解出家人、佛教僧團與在家信眾之間，彼此互相增上成長的關係。二、在家人的角色不只是四事供養出家人，他們同時是法的好樂者、佛法實證者與佛法最佳弘傳者。三、質多長者通常被描繪為具洞見之法的好樂者及佛法的實證者。手長者則被描繪為善用四攝法領導眾人、具有卓越的親和力、恒坐禪思第一及具八未曾有法之美稱。四、在家人可以當出家人的老師嗎？則要將「老師」定義清楚。若老師定義為具有「讓人們歸依」的特質，如佛、法、僧時，在佛世時代的佛陀教團中，是沒有案例可以支持的。
The Buddha himself praised Gahapati Citta and Gahapati Hatthaka as examples among lay disciples. The two householders must have something for us to learn. Therefore, the author started by studying the sutra, Vinaya, Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names and related materials, and explored the background, caste, practice method, behavior, the attainment status of the two householders, and learned the interaction relationship among the two householders and the Sangha. In order to let the later scholars have a more in-depth and complete understanding of the two lay disciples in the Buddha era, the author outlined the whole picture of the virtues and deeds of the householders. The results of the research are as follows:1. There was a subtle interactive relationship among monks and lay believers in the time of Buddha. Through the observation of the three concepts which were proposed by Torkel Brekke , we can better understand the relationship among monks, the Sangha and laymen. The three concepts were extrinsic motivation, conversionism and introversionism, The three concepts enable monks, Buddhist sangha and lay people to benefit and grow one another.2. The role of lay people is not just to support monks in four things, they are also those who like to study the Dharma, those who exemplify the Dharma, and the best propagators of the Dharma.3. Gahapati Citta is usually portrayed as a keen researcher of Dharma with insight and a executor of Dharma. Gahapati Hatthaka is described as being good at using the four methods to lead the people, has excellent affinity, sitting in meditation, and has the reputation of having eight unprecedented virtues.4. Can lay people be teachers of monks? It is necessary to define “teacher” clearly. If the lay teacher is defined as having the qualities of “letting people take refuge”, such as Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, there is not any one case in the Buddha's order in the Buddha's era. |
