圖像．故事．教化：敦煌莫高窟254窟壁畫研究

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Title:	圖像．故事．教化：敦煌莫高窟254窟壁畫研究
Other Titles:	Images, Stories, and Education: A Study of the Murals in Cave 254 at the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang
Authors:	吳小妏 WU, HSIAO-WEN
Contributors:	宗教學研究所李芝瑩 LEE, CHIH-YING
Keywords:	敦煌;莫高窟254窟;圖像;故事;教化 Dunhuang;Cave 254 of Mogao Caves;imagery;story;didacticism
Date:	2023
Issue Date:	2023-11-14 10:37:29 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	本論文主要探討敦煌莫高窟第254窟壁畫故事之教化意涵，第一章從研究動機，希望以莫高窟圖像故事，追朔佛教經典，分析其中佛教教化意涵。因此在文獻的探討上針對闡釋敦煌圖像在與佛教教化之間的關係之研究，分別從：一、莫高窟建造發展相關研究；二、與莫高窟254窟相關研究；三、敦煌壁畫藝術、壁畫故事相關研究，三個面向回顧文獻。研究方法主要以文獻分析法及圖像學帕諾夫斯基的圖像學理論來解析壁畫。　　第二章敦煌莫高窟254窟之源流及工法特色，首先回朔莫高窟的發展歷史，再從石窟的演進由印度到敦煌在地化、包含中心塔柱的源起、石窟形制改變與運用，本研究認為石窟的演進與佛教之間的關聯具有相當大的連結，主因是因為「修行所需」而有了後續的發展。釐清石窟的緣起後，接下來就會從壁畫與254窟內特殊的工法進行探究。　　莫高窟254窟故事壁畫共有四面，在第三、四章將以壁畫故事為主要研究對象，第三章的主軸在於從壁畫〈薩埵太子捨身飼虎〉、〈屍毗王割肉餵鷹〉中分析菩薩道為核心的教化；第四章則以〈佛陀降魔成道〉、〈難陀出家因緣〉之神通化世探究其神聖意涵。　　第五章結論，從莫高窟壁畫的圖像故事，其目的是為了弘揚佛教教義，卻也反映的千年來，東西方民族之間和平相處的文化交流活動歷程。壁畫透過故事來闡述經典，再由圖像繪製，以易懂的圖像方式來理解佛法，其故事雖然源自佛經，但其中的情節，可能因翻譯而有取捨、增刪，故事的敘事衍變，是為了符合世俗民眾的心理，可能加入當時的思想、文化，使人們更樂於接受，故事所要傳達的意義。　　This paper explores the didactic implications of the murals in Cave 254 of the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang. Chapter 1 begins with the research motivation, aiming to analyze the didactic implications of Buddhist teachings through the visual stories depicted in the Mogao Caves. The literature review focuses on the relationship between Dunhuang imagery and Buddhist education, including studies on: 1) the development of the Mogao Caves, 2) research related to Cave 254 specifically, and 3) studies on Dunhuang mural art and mural stories. The research methodology primarily involves documentary analysis and the application of Panofsky's iconology theory to interpret the murals.　　Chapter 2 explores the origins and construction techniques of Cave 254 in the Mogao Caves. It begins by tracing the historical development of the Mogao Caves and then examines the evolution of cave architecture from India to Dunhuang, including the origin of central pillar structures and changes in cave forms. This study recognizes a significant connection between the evolution of caves and Buddhism, mainly attributed to the need for spiritual practice leading to subsequent developments. Once the origins of the caves are clarified, the focus shifts to the exploration of mural techniques and the unique features within Cave 254.　　Cave 254 in the Mogao Caves contains four story murals, which are the main subjects of investigation in Chapters 3 and 4. Chapter 3 analyzes the didactic aspects centered around Bodhisattva teachings through the murals “Prince Sattva Offering His Body to Feed the Tigers” and “King Śibi Sacrificing His Flesh to Feed the Hawk.” Chapter 4 explores the divine transformations and sacred meanings depicted in the murals “The Buddha Subduing Mara and Attaining Enlightenment” and “Nanda's Renunciation.” 　Chapter 5 presents the conclusion, emphasizing that the visual stories of the Mogao Caves murals aim to promote Buddhist teachings and reflect a history of cultural exchange and peaceful coexistence between Eastern and Western civilizations over the past millennium. The murals convey Buddhist scriptures through storytelling and visual representation, providing an easily comprehensible way to understand the Dharma. Although the stories originate from Buddhist scriptures, their narratives may have undergone alterations, additions, or deletions during translation to align with the psychological inclinations of the secular audience and incorporate contemporary thoughts and culture, thereby facilitating greater acceptance of the intended meaning of the stories.
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