本研究旨在瞭解老人「統整」與「絕望」兩種相對人格傾向及其平衡關係與先前發展任務之間的關係。根據研究所得，提出具體建議，以供教育工作者、社會工作者等對Erikosn心理社會發展理論及老人一生的生命歷程有更進一步的認識，並作為輔導老人生涯規劃及終身學習之參考。 研究採用面對面問卷調查法。問卷調查對象為苗栗縣縣內六十五歲以上的老人，依十八個鄉鎮市的大小比例配額取樣415名。研究工具為老人「統整」與「絕望」之研究問卷，問卷分成兩個部份，第一個部份，是個人的基本資料；第二部份，是相關Erikson心理社會發展理論中八個生命週期概念的問卷，合計八十七題。另外，為顧及苗栗縣市人民的種族語言，故將問卷分成國語、閩南語和客語三種版本。所得資料採項目分析、因素分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、群集分析、多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法加以處理。 根據研究發現，歸納研究結論如下： 1. 老人「統整」與「絕望」兩種相對人格傾向之平衡關係約可歸納為「偃旗息鼓」型、「輕忽漠視」型、「感愧交集」型、「抱恨終身」型等四種類型。 2. 不同背景變項的老人「統整」與「絕望」兩種相對人格傾向達顯著差異。 3. 不同背景變項的老人先前七個發展任務「再經驗」的情形達顯著的差異。 4. 「生產」、「主動」、「認同」三種人格傾向的分數最能預測老人「統整」人格傾向的分數。 5. 「不信任」、「自卑」、「親密」、「孤立」四種人格傾向的分數最能預測老人「絕望」人格傾向的分數。 This study focuses on the relationship between elder citizens opposite personality of integrity/despair as well as its balances and the early development tasks. This study also provides a further understanding of Erikson’s psychosocial development theory and the elder life journeys to educators and social workers as reference materials for elder counseling. Face to face questionnaire survey was conducted with elder citizens over 65 years old in Miaoli City. 415 elders were sampled by the way of multistage sampling in eighteen villages, towns and cities. The research instrument was “The Elder Integrity/Despair Study Questionnaire” divided into two parts. The first part was personal data and the second part was the questionnaire based on Erikson’s eight life cycle stages concept of psychosocial development theory. The questionnaire was composed of 87 questions in three versions: Mandarin, the southern Fukien dialect, and the Hakkal dialect for the convenience of multi-dialect residents in Miaoli. Data were analyzed by means of Item Analysis, Factor Analysis, T-test, one-way ANOVA, Cluster Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis. Based on research findings, the conclusions of this study are as follows: 1.The four types as the balance relationship between the two opposite personality of integrity and despair among elders: “avoiding exposure type”、“ignoring type”、“feeling grateful and shamed type” and “the gnawing regret on lifetime type”. 2.Significant difference of two kinds of opposite personality of integrity and despair among elders with different backgrounds. 3.Significant difference of elders with different backgrounds who had early seven development tasks “re-experience”. 4.Three personalities of “generativity”、“initiative”、“identity”best forecasting the personality of integrity among elders. 5.Four personalities of “mistrust”、“inferiority”、“intimacy”、“isolation”best forecasting the personality of despair among elders.
